The diaphragm is a large muscle that separates the chest cavity, which houses the lungs, from the abdominal cavity, where the liver and other organs reside. Its contractions and relaxations are responsible for the expansion and compression of the chest cavity, thus facilitating the movement of air in and out of the lungs. In essence, the diaphragm plays a pivotal role in the breathing process.
Types of Diaphragmatic Hernias
Diaphragmatic hernias can be classified into two main types: acquired and congenital.
Acquired Diaphragmatic Hernia
This type of hernia is caused by a rupture in the diaphragmatic muscle, often as a result of trauma such as a severe fall or a blow to the abdomen. When the abdominal contents, including the stomach and liver, are forced against the diaphragm, a tear can occur. This allows abdominal organs to herniate through the rupture and enter the chest, potentially putting pressure on the lungs and compromising the diaphragm’s ability to function properly. In my experience, many acquired diaphragmatic hernias in cats are caused by being struck by automobiles.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Some kittens are born with an incomplete diaphragm muscle, which means the muscle was not fully formed, leading to one or more abnormal openings within the diaphragm. While less common, congenital diaphragmatic hernias are managed similarly to acquired ones and can be diagnosed at various stages of a cat’s life.
Symptoms of Diaphragmatic Hernias
Symptoms associated with acquired diaphragmatic hernias may manifest immediately after trauma or may not be apparent for weeks. In contrast, signs of congenital diaphragmatic hernias can present early in life or even several years later. The most common symptom is difficulty in breathing, which can range from barely noticeable to extremely labored. In severe cases, the cat’s tongue, gums, and lips may appear blue due to lack of oxygen. Additionally, gastrointestinal issues such as vomiting or loss of appetite may arise when the stomach or intestines herniate through the diaphragm and become “strangulated” or pinched off by the muscle and other organs.
Risks of Diaphragmatic Hernias
The risks associated with diaphragmatic hernias depend on the size and location of the hernia within the diaphragm. A small hernia may go unnoticed, allowing the cat to live a normal life. However, cats with severe hernias may develop symptoms rapidly and face life-threatening complications if left untreated.
Management of Diaphragmatic Hernias
If you suspect your cat has a diaphragmatic hernia, it is crucial to seek a veterinary examination immediately. Radiographs (X-rays) are often used for a prompt diagnosis. Surgical correction is the only treatment option for diaphragmatic hernias and should be performed as soon as the pet is stable.