Introduction
Periodontal disease is a common issue in cats, often leading to severe discomfort and health complications if left untreated. As a pet parent, it’s crucial to understand what periodontal disease is, how it develops, and the steps you can take to prevent and manage it.
What is Periodontal Disease?
Periodontal disease, derived from Greek words meaning ‘around the tooth,’ refers to a series of changes associated with inflammation and loss of the deep supporting structures of teeth. It’s a condition that can significantly impact your cat’s quality of life, so it’s important to be proactive in its management.
Development of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease typically begins with the accumulation of food particles and bacteria along the gumline, forming plaque. If this plaque isn’t removed, it mineralizes into tartar, or calculus, which is irritating to the gums and can lead to gingivitis. Gingivitis, characterized by red and inflamed gums, is reversible, but if left untreated, it can progress to irreversible periodontal disease.
Factors Affecting Periodontal Disease
Several factors can influence the development of periodontal disease, including:
- Age and general health status
- Diet and chewing behavior
- Breed, genetics, and tooth alignment
- Grooming habits
- Home care
For example, cats with certain health conditions or those belonging to breeds like the Oriental short-hair or Siamese are more susceptible. Additionally, a cat’s diet can play a role, with hard kibbles being slightly more effective at preventing plaque accumulation than canned food.
Signs of Periodontal Disease
As periodontal disease progresses, you may notice the following signs in your cat:
- Pus around the tooth
- Bad breath
- Bleeding gums
- Sensitivity around the mouth
- Loose or missing teeth
- Loss of appetite
- Difficulty eating
- Irritability or depression
Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease
Veterinarians use a variety of criteria to assess a cat’s oral health and diagnose periodontal disease. This includes evaluating the amount of plaque and calculus, gum health, radiologic appearance, and pocket depth. The severity of the disease is then classified into grades, with early gingivitis being reversible and established periodontitis being irreversible.
Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Treatment for periodontal disease depends on its severity. For mild cases, a professional dental cleaning may be sufficient. More severe cases may require root planing, subgingival curettage, periodontal surgery, or tooth extraction. It’s important to start your cat on antibiotics before the procedure and maintain a rigorous post-operative care regimen, including pain management, antibiotics, and regular dental check-ups.
Aftercare and Home Care
Regardless of the severity of periodontal disease, home care is crucial. This includes regular tooth brushing, the use of dental products like gels and rinses, and a diet that supports oral health. For cats with more severe disease, additional therapies such as pain relief, antibiotics, and topical medications may be necessary.
Prevention is Key
Since periodontal disease is irreversible, prevention is the best strategy. Regular visits to the veterinarian for oral exams, professional dental cleanings, and daily oral care at home can